Title: DFM3 / Moment 2 / Flashcards DFM3 - Neuroanatomi

Front: Sulcus centralis

Front: Gyrus precentralis
Back: Motor cortex

Front: Lobus frontalis
Back: Motivation, planning, decision-making, social skills, personality

Front: Gyrus frontalis superior
Back: A

Front: Gyrus frontalis inferior
Back: C

Front: Gyrus frontalis medius
Back: B

Front: Sulcus frontalis superior

Front: Sulcus frontalis inferior

Front: Lobus parietalis
Back: Attention

Front: Gyrus postcentralis
Backboth: Somatic sensory cortex
frontboth: vad finns här?

Front: Lobulus parietalis inferior

Front: Lobulus parietalis superior

Front: Sulcus intraparietalis

Front: Lobus occipitalis
Back: Recieves and processes visual information

Front: sulcus parietooccipitalis
Back: medial view

Front: Sulcus lateralis
Back: Primary auditory cortex is within this structure.

Front: Lobus temporalis
Back: Recognition

Front: Gyrus temporalis superior
Back: Contains the primary auditory cortex.

Front: Gyrus temporalis inferior

Front: Gyrus temporalis medius

Front: Sulcus temporalis superior

Front: Sulcus temporalis inferior

Front: Telencephalon
Back: Cerebrum (Storhjärnan)

Front: Diencephalon
Back: Thalamus, hypothalamus and hypothysis

Front: Hindbrain
Back: Includes much of the brainstem/hjärnstammen (pons and medulla oblingata, but not midbrain/mesencephalon) and cerebellum

Front: Forebrain
Back: Red. Telencephalon and diencephalon

Front: Mesencephalon
Back: pink.
Backboth: Midbrain. Part of the brainstem. Mellan pons och diecephalon thalamus
associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep and wakefulness, arousal ( alertness ), and temperature regulation.^[2]

Front: Metencephalon
Back: Pons and cerebellum. Part of hindbrain

Front: Medulla oblongata (myencephalon)
Back: Purple. Part of the brainstem.

Front: Corpus callosum
Back: Connects the two hemispheres

Front: Gyrus cinguli
Backboth: första vindlingen utanför corpus callosum

Front: Sulcus cinguli

Front: ‎lobulus paracentralis

Front: Praecuneus
Back: Part of the parietal lobe that borders to the occipital lobe

Front: sulcus calcarinus
Backboth: splittar occipitalloben i cuneus och gyrus lingualis. splittar primary visual cortex. Signals from the lower visual field above the sulcus (i cuneus) and signals from the upper visual field below the sulcus (i lingual gyrus).
frontboth: splittar vad?

Front: Gyrus lingualis
Back: Part of the occipital lobe. Under the sulcus calcarinus

Front: Gyrus cuneus
Backboth: Part of the occipital lobe. Above the sulcus calcarinus

Front: Arachnoidea mater

Front: tractus olfactorius

Front: Bulbus olfactorius

Front: Chiasma opticum

Front: Hypothalamus
Back: Homeostasis and emotions

Front: Infundibulum

Front: Hypofysis

Front: Corpora mamillaria
Back: Part of the hypothalamus
Backboth: kan förväxlas med amygdala, ingen bra lösning än

Front: pedunculus cerebri
Back: grön
Backboth: Part of mesencephalon (midbrain). White matter that allows communication between the forebrain and structures below it.
consist of crus cerebri, pretectum and tegmentum, and is almost everything in mesencephalon/midprain except tectum

Front: Pons
Back: Pink. White matter connecting the brainstem and cerebellum

Front: Cerebellum
Back: Correction of movement errors. Recieves information from the ipsilateral side of the body.

Front: pyramis medullae oblongatae
Backboth: struktur i hjärnstammens medulla oblongata som innehåller Corticospinal tract-  axons from the motor cortex to the spinal cord to govern volentary movement

Front: Oliva
Back: Green
Backboth: superior olivary nucleus responsibe for tolkning av vart ljud kommer ifrån baserat på diff i ljudnivå och arrival time
inferior olivary nucleus är en av omkopplingshubbarna för ascending taktil info
frontboth: vad finns här?

Front: cortex orbitofrontalis

Front: gyrus fusiformis

Front: gyrus parahippocampalis

Front: Hippocampus
Backboth: part of limbic system. participates on forming long-term memory

Front: A. carotis interna
Back: Supplies blood to the anterior circulation of the brain.

Front: a. vertebralis
Back: Supplies blood to the posterior circulation of the brain.

Front: a. Basilaris
Back: The two a. vertebralis join together (at the junction of the medulla and the pons) to form this artery.

Front: a. cerebelli inferior posterior
Back: Branch from a. vertebralis that supplies the posterior and inferior aspect of the cerebellum. It gives off branches that supply the lateral part of the medulla oblongata.

Front: a. cerebelli inferior anterior
Back: Branch from a. basilaris that supplies the brainstem and the inferior part of the cerebellum.

Front: a. cerebelli superior
Back: Branch from a. basilaris that supplies the superior part of the cerebellum. Gives off branches that supplies the lateral and dorsal aspects of the midbrain and the pons.

Front: a. cerebri posterior
Backboth: part of circle of willis
Branch from a. basilaris that supplies the inferior surface of the occipital and temporal lobes as well as some structures in the midbrain. A stroke here leads to visual defects.

Front: a. communicans posterior
Back: Artery that connects a. cerebri posterior to a. carotis interna

Front: a. cerebri anterior
Back: Branch from a. carotis interna that supplies the medial aspect of the frontal lobe and paracentral lobule. A stroke here leads to personality change and weakness in legs.

Front: a. communicans anterior
Back: Artery that connects the two a. cerebri anterior

Front: a. cerebri media
Back: Branch from a. carotis interna that runs through sulcus lateralis and supplies parts of the temporal lobe, frontal lobe and parietal lobe. A stroke here leads to aphasia as well as weakness in face, arm and hand.

Front: dura mater
Back: hard, fibrous outer layer of the meninges

Front: Sinus sagitalis superior
Back: Channel for venous blood between two layers of dura mater. Drains blood from cerebral hemispheres.

Front: confluens sinuum
Back: Venous blood from sinus sagitalis superior and two other minor sinus system drains into this structure before flowing into sinus transversus durae matris.

Front: sinus transversus durae matris
Backboth: Channel for venous blood between two layers of dura mater. Drains blood from sinus rectus and sinus saggitalis into Sinus sigmoideus

Front: Sinus sigmoideus
Backboth: Channel for venous blood between two layers of dura mater. Drains sinus transversus durae matris and exits the skull through foramen jugulare as v. jugularis interna.

Front: falx cerebri
Back: Seperates the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

Front: fossa interpeduncularis
Back: CN III exits here

Front: n. trochlearis (CN IV)
Back: C. From the trochlear nucleus in the midbrain. Exits the brainstem at the junction of the midbrain and pons. Only cranial nerve that exits on the dorsal side.

Front: n. opticus (CN II)
Back: A
Backboth: fram till chiasma opticus heter nerven tractus opticus, efter n. opticus

Front: N. oculomotorius (CN III)
Back: B. From oculomotor nucleus and edinger-westphal nucleus in the midbrain.

Front: N. trigeminus (CN V)
Back: D. From the trigeminal motor nucleus and the spinal trigeminal nucleus in the pons.

Front: N. abducens (CN VI)
Back: E. From the abducens nucleus in the pons.

Front: N. facialis (CN VII)
Back: F. From the facial motor nucleus in the pons.

Front: N. vestibulocochlearis (CN VIII)
Back: G.
Backboth: From the vestibular nuclear complex in the pons and medulla oblongata as well as the cochlear nuclear complex in the medulla oblongata.

Front: N. Glossopharyngeus (CN IX)
Back: H

Front: N. vagus (CN X)
Back: I.
Backboth: From the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus

Front: N. accessorius (CN XI)
Back: J

Front: N. hypoglossus (CN XII)
Back: K

Front: cauda equina
Back: Starts at about L2

Front: radix anterior
Back: Motor

Front: radix posterior
Back: Sensory

Front: Aqueductus cerebri
Back: Duct between ventriculus tertius (third ventricle den mitt i thalamus) and ventriculus quartus (forth ventricleden vid cerebellum)

Front: nucleus ruber
Back: part of the midbrain.
Backboth: aka red nucleus som finns i rubrospinal tract
omkopplingsstation för signaler från cerebellum till kroppen
deltar i korrigeringen som cerebellum gör på motoriken (inte kartlagt)
frontboth: vad finns här?

Front: substantia nigra
Back: Structure in the midbrain that contains dopamine neurons that communicate with the striatum (the nigrostriatal system) and control motor functions.

Front: colliculus superior
Backboth: i mesencephalon. Recieves visual signals. Responsible for orienting movement of head and eyes (In close proximity to the oculomotor nucleus).

Front: colliculus inferior
Backboth: Recieves auditory signals. Responsible for learning to interpret sounds. Ex. we need to learn how to interpret if a sound is coming from behind.
i midbrain/mesecephalon, specifikt knölar på tectum
frontboth: funktion här?

Front: pedunculus cerebellaris medius
Back: B.
Backboth: White matter structure that connects the cerebellum to the pons (incoming signals to the cerebellum).

Front: pedunculus cerebellaris superior
Back: A. White matter structure that connects the cerebellum to the thalamus (mainly outcoming signals from the cerebellum).

Front: pedunculus cerebellaris inferior
Back: C. White matter structure that connects the cerebellum to the spinal cord.

Front: Broca's area
Back: Blue. Area in the frontal lobe that is critical for production of speech.

Front: Wernicke's area
Back: Area in the temporal lobe that is critical for the comprehension of speech

Front: The left hemisphere is responsible for creating and understanding words and sentences (speech ability) while the right side is responsible for the emotional content of speech.
Back: Describe the lateralization of language functions.

Front: Basal ganglia
Back: Group of subcortical nuclei that prevent unwanted movements and promote wanted movements.
Backboth: Consists of striatum and globus pallidus

Front: striatum
Back: röd o blå
Backboth: röd corpus caudatum, blå putamen (grön globus pallidus)
Part of the basal ganglia that consists of nucleus caudatus, putamen and nucleus accumbens.
omger thalamus

Front: putamen
Back: 2/blå
Backboth: Part of the striatum (basal ganglia). deltar i regleringen av motorik

Front: Nucleus caudatus
Back: 1. Part of the striatum (basal ganglia)

Front: capsula interna
Back: alla pilar
Backboth: White matter structure that runs between the cerebral cortex and everythinh below i

Front: thalamus
Backboth: Relays sensory signals to cerebral cortex

Front: Limbic system funktion?
Back: Set of brain structures that deal with emotion (anterior part) and memory (posterior part).

Front: Common function of
*anterior part of the limbic system
-Hypothalamus
-mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus
- amygdala
-anterior gyrus cinguli
*ventral basal ganglia
*medial prefrontal cortex
Back: Which brain structures are involved in emotion?

Front: amygdala
Backboth: inblandat i känslor och "låga vägen", den där man snabbare reagerar på potentiellt farligt stimuli (ex vattenslang)

Front: Function of posterior parts of the limbic system. Hippocampus, fornix and corpora mamillaria.
Back: Which brain structures are involved in declarative memory?

Front: Brainstem (truncus encephali)
Back: Consists of the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata.

Front: gmensamt för:
1. The nigrostriatal system: Substantia nigra to striatum (motor functions)
2. The meso-limbic system: Ventral tegmental area to the limbic system (motivation, reward)
Back: Describe the systems in the brain that use dopamine as a neurotransmittor.

Front: raphe nuclei
Backboth: Structure in the pons and medulla oblongata with neurons that produce seratonin. These neurons have widespread projections to the forebrain where they regulare sleep and wakefulness, as well as pain. Seratonin also regulates mood, hunger-satiety and motor functions.

Front: cerebellar folia

Front: cerebrocerebellum
Back: Part of the cerebellum that recieves input from the cerebral cortex and plans complex movement.

Front: spinocerebellum
Back: Part of the cerebellum that recieves information from the spinal cord about proprioception. Compares what the body is doing with what the cortex was trying to achieve and corrects errors.

Front: Lateral corticospinal tract
Back: 3.
Backboth: Motor pathway in the spinal cord that controls distal muscles.

Front: Medial corticospinal tract
Back: 4. Motor pathway in the spinal cord that controls proximal muscles.
Backboth: aka anterior corticospinal tract (bl.a.)

Front: Dorsal column
Back: 1. Sensory pathway in the spinal cord. Touch, proprioception.

Front: Spinothalamic tract
Back: 2. Sensory pathway in the spinal cord. Pain

Front: Dorsal root ganglion (ganglion spinale)
Backboth: Sensory ganglion on the dorsal root of the spinal cord.
contains the soma of sensory neurons

Front: pia mater
Back: Thin, highly vascular layer that adheres to the surface of the brain.

Front: spatium subarachnoideum
Back: B. Space between the arachnoidea mater and the pia mater. Contains cerebrospinal fluid, arteries, veins and arachnoid villi.

Front: ventriculi laterales

Front: ventriculus tertius

Front: foramen interventriculare
Back: Ducts from the left and right lateral ventricles to the third ventricle

Front: ventriculus quartus
Back: Communicates with the spatium subarachnoideum and the canalis spinalis.

Front: granulationes arachnoideae
Back: Connections formed by the arachnoid villi between the spatium subarachnoideum (with cerebrospinal fluid) and the sinus sagittalis superior.

Front: choroid plexus
Backboth: Tissue in the lateral, third and fourth ventricles that produce cerebrospinal fluid
produced by specialized glial cells Ependymal cells

Front: circle of willis
Back: A circulatory anastomosis that supplies blood to the brain.

Front: Medial geniculate body
Back: Part of the thalamus that relays auditory information
Backboth: mellan colliculus och cortex
lateral geniculate body dealar med syn

Front: Lateral geniculate body
Backboth: följ tractus opticus
Part of the thalamus that relays visual signals. LGN relay info from cones (and superior colliculus from rods)
inte riktigt central i pupillär reflexen

Front: Ventral posterior lateral nucleus
Back: Part of the thalamus that recieves somatosensory signals from the body
frontboth: vad för info varifrån?

Front: ventral posterior medial nucleus i thalamus känd för?
Back: Part of the thalamus that recieves somatosensory signals from the face

Front: Ventral lateral nucleus and ventral anterior nucleus
Back: Two nuclei from the thalamus that recieve signals about motor function from cerebellum and the basal ganglia

Front: reticulate nucleus
Back: Nuclei surrounding the thalamus. can inactivate part of the thalamus in order to focus on something else.
Backboth: Not the reticular formation, som bl.a. är en omkopplingshubb för motoriska axon till reticulospinal tract

Front: supplementary motor area
Back: Yellow. Important for planning movements.

Front: Premotor cortex
Back: Green.
Backboth: Important for producing movements in response to the environment. Ex. someone throwing a ball at you.

Front: Prefrontal cortex
Back: Pink. Important for deciding if you're going to do something or if you're not going to do something.

Front: globus pallidus pars externa
Back: 1

Front: globus pallidus pars interna
Back: 2

Front: vermis

Front: flocculonodularis
Back: Part of the cerebellum important for balance

Front: apertura mediana ventriculi quarti
Back: Connection between ventriculus quartus and the spatium subarachnoideum.

Front: Apertura lateralis ventriculi quarti
Back: 8. Connection between ventriculus quartus and the spatium subarachnoideum.

Front: capsula externa

Front: capsula extrema
Backboth: ja, extrema. capsula interna är på insidan av claustrum (som har oklar funktion)

Front: commissura anterior
Backboth: White matter connection the temporal lobes. not a part of corpus callosum

Front: crus cerebri
Backboth: in the midbrain mesencephalon, ingår i cerebral peduncles (de som var allt i mesencephalon förutom tectum)
The same structure that is called capsula interna in the forebrain and pyramis medulla oblongatae in the medulla.

Front: sinus rectus

Front: sinus sagittalis superior

Front: sinus sigmoideus

Front: Septum pelucidum
Backboth: Seperates the right and left lateral ventricle
gray and white matter

Front: tentorium cerebelli
Back: Extention of the dura mater that seperates the cerebellum from the occipital lobes.
Backboth: "tent for cerebellum"

Front: uncus
Back: Anterior extention of the parahippocampal gyrus.