Title: BV4 / Modul 4

Q: A husband reports that his wife has begun acting strangely. For example, she refuses to eat the food on the left side of her plate at meals, claiming she has finished all her food. She also has neglected to put her left arm in her shirt the last few days and has begun putting her makeup on only the right side of her face. Hearing these symptoms, where would you expect to find damage in the woman’s brain?
A: Right posterior parietal cortex

Q: Which behavioral task would lead to increased firing rate in the neurons in the location outlined in the figure?
A: Attending a visual target

Q: A major function of the temporal lobe is:
A: Recognition and identification of stimuli

Q: Which symptoms would you expect a patient with a right temporal lobe lesion to exhibit?
A: Deficit in recognizing faces

Q: The delayed response task has been used to examine?
A: Performance impairments in monkeys with bilateral prefrontal lesions

Q: Which function is not currently being considered as a purpose of sleep in humans?
A: Recharging of electrical resources within neuronal cell bodies

Q: As an individual moves from the awake state to sleep, what are typical hallmarks on an EEG recording?
A: increase in amplitude and decrease in frequency

Q: The reticular activating system includes?
A: Includes a group of brainstem cholinergic neurons that induces wakefulness

Q: The deepest stage of sleep is:
A: Slow-wave

Q: A person is presented with two different dialogues, one in each ear, at the same time. The person is then asked to repeat one of the dialogues. What does this test measure?
A: Selective attention

Q: Which evidence suggests that unattended information is still processed in the brain and that filtering occurs late in the sensory processing pathway?
A: A person attends to his name when it is mentioned in an unattended conversation.

Q: What is endogenous attention?
A: A conscious and voluntary shift in attention to a particular target -  Att man själv väljer vad man lägger sin uppmärkamhet på

Q: What is covert attention?
A: Directing attention to a stimulus without movement of the head or eyes

Q: What is problematic about the concept of an executive controller that oversees attention?
A: The concept of an executive controller that makes decisions about the entire brain has little support in neuroscience

Q: During a learning test, Marie wears a small device on her finger that elicits a painful shock. When this occurs, her heart rate increases. As part of the test, the shock is consistently paired with a red light. After a number of pairings, Marie responds with an elevated heart rate to the red light alone. In this example, which type of learning has occurred?
A: Classical conditioning

Q: Damage to which structure would affect a person’s nondeclarative memory, e.g. ability to learn how to play the piano?
A: Basal ganglia

Q: Which statement about the structural changes that occur in the brain during healthy aging is accurate?
A: Brain weight decreases due to a decline in the number of synapses

Q: There is currently no consensus on the definition of emotion, however, one of the following statements is generally seen as false, which?
Emotions are psychological states associated with feelings of pleasure or aversion
B.
Emotions are associated with the involvement of the autonomic nervous system
C.
Emotions reflect psychological states with no direct involvement of the autonomic nervous system
D.
Emotions are linked to changes in behavior
E.
Emotions are central for the development of specific psychiatric conditions
A: Emotions reflect psychological states with no direct involvement of the autonomic nervous system

Q: Which measurement is not frequently used to examine physiological changes associated with emotional arousal?
A: Frequency of eye movements

Q: In response to electrical stimulation of a particular brain region, a rat shows increased blood pressure and heart rate, dilation of the pupils, erection of the hair on the back, arching of the back, and biting at the air. Which region could the electrode be stimulating?
A: Hypothalamus

Q: A lesion in the left hemisphere would be more likely than a right hemisphere lesion to affect which aspect of emotional processing?
A: Regulation of positive emotions

Q: In the rat, which response constitutes a conditioned fear response?
A: a tone, which has been repeatedly paired with a foot shock

Q: A patient was in a car accident and his orbitofrontal cortex was damaged. Which cognitive function would you expect him to have difficulty with?
A: Evaluation of options

Q: A subject completes a Stroop task while being scanned in an fMRI machine. Where would you expect to see an increase in brain activity?
A: A - mediala cingulate gyrus

Q: A patient’s ventrolateral prefrontal cortex is damaged in a car accident. Which cognitive function would you expect her to have difficulty with?
A: Self-control

Q: Which element of language is controlled mainly by the right hemisphere?
A: Prosody

Q: Studies of split-brain patients have indicated that the left hemisphere has predominate control of which function?
A: Writing

Q: After a stroke, a patient begins speaking in a monotone voice. Comprehension and performance of speech are unaltered, but his family claims they cannot tell if he is asking a question or making a statement when he talks. His wife also mentions that his language toward her is no longer “loving.” What would be a plausible diagnosis based on these symptoms?
A: Aprosodia caused by damage to the right temporal lobe

Q: Why is SSRI used as firsthand treatment for depression compared to SNRI and TCA?
A: SSRIs are much easier to tolerate than TCA since the side effect profile is better for most people and SSRI is less toxic that SNRI and TCA

Q: What are benzodiazepines used for?
A: Benzodiazepines are used for treatment of withdrawal symptoms of alcohol dependence

Q: How are Addictive drugs activating the mesolimbic dopamine system?
A: Amphetamine, cocaine, and nicotine have their effects on dopaminergic terminals  in Nucleus Accumbens
- Ej opiater och cannabis in accumbens

Q: What kind of pharmacological treatment can you use if a depressed patient doesn’t respond to either SSRI or SNRI treatment and have become acute suicidal?
A: ontinue SSRI or SNRI treatment together with Ketamine

Q: Which receptors are mainly blocked by the antipsychotic drugs?
A: D_2-receptors

Q: Which neurotransmitter increases when one gives central stimulant drugs in the treatment of ADHD?
A: Dopamine

Q: Which mechanism of action is used in the prevention of vomiting induced by chemotherapy?
A: Inhibition of serotonin receptors 5-HT_3

Q: Vad är conditioning?
A: Betingning
- Classic conditioning - klassisk betingning

Q: Vad inducerade reticular activation system?
A: Inducerar wakefullness, induces a group of cholinergic brainstem neurons
- De är aktiva i vakenhetn
- De är inaktiva i stadie 2 & 4

Q: Var i hjärnan sitter oftast prosodi?
A: På höger sida av hjärnan

Q: På vilken sida är den känslomässiga delen av språket?
A: Höger hjärnhalva