Title: BV2 / BV2 - 2 / Modul 7

Q: When Lars calculated his BMI, he got a value of 28. Since he is a fit young man, that exercises every day, he was concerned when he consulted online the tables for BMI values. How can we explain this situation? (RAT)
A: Lars should measure his waist-to-hip ratio

Q: Which is the hypothalamus’ role in the control of hunger & satiety? (RAT)
A: The hypothalamus has O-GlcNAc Transferase (OGT)-expressing neurons that sense nutrient levels

Q: Gastrointestinal hormones (GHs) are released from different parts of the gastrointestinal tract and are important regulators of food intake. What do we know about them? (RAT)
A: GHs act on the peripheral and central nervous systems to regulate food intake

Q: Two children of same parents present significant obesity due to excessive food intake. Why is leptin deficiency considered as one of the possible causes? (RAT)
A: Leptin deficiency leads to hyperphagia.

Q: The brain integrates several signals from the periphery, which signal through specific receptors in specialized neurons, which in turn control hunger and satiety. Among these signals, what is the role of insulin? (RAT)
A: It signals to both anorexigenic and orexigenic neurons

Q: Which of the following statements is most correct regarding patients with metabolic syndrome? (RAT)
A.
Patients have at least one of the five defining features.
B.
Patients are at higher risk for dementia.
C.
Patients are always hypertensive.
D.
Patients are at higher risk for dementia if they have previously insulin resistance.
E.
Patients are at higher risk for other diseases due to low-grade chronic inflammation.
A: Patients are at higher risk for dementia

Q: What is the first line treatment for metabolic syndrome? (RAT)
A: Lifestyle interventions combined with pharmacologic treatments if needed

Q: What should be considered when designing a diet for a metabolic syndrome patient? (RAT)
A: Avoid diet options that lead to metabolic adaptation

Q: Ectopic lipid deposition is considered as one of the main causes of chronic low-grade inflammation, which in turn is linked to the development of metabolic syndrome. How? (RAT)
A: Lipid is deposited in tissues other than the adipose tissue, leading to inflammation

Q: Nutrients are sources of energy and building blocks for cells and tissues. Which other important functions can they also have in the body? (RAT)
A: Being used directly or indirectly to modify proteins and change cellular functions

Q: Which of the following hormones is not a counterregulatory one of insulin? (RAT)
A: Acetylcholine

Q: The flow of intermediates through metabolic pathways is regulated by four mechanisms that act different time points from minutes to days. Which regulatory mechanisms occurs in minutes? (RAT)
A: Availability of substrates

Q: In the absorptive state, in which organ is the uptake of glucose less important? (RAT)
A: Liver

Q: Two hours ago, Lucy had a carbohydrate rich meal with some friends to celebrate her birthday. Consequently, her circulating glucose levels are high. Which physiological modifications in her liver will be induced by this postprandial hyperglycemia? (RAT)
A: part of the glucose is converted into lipids

Q: Albert was also at Lucy’s celebration and ate just a small portion of cake. How will Albert’s liver adapt to the excess of carbohydrates? (RAT)
A: Fatty acid synthesis is increased by the presence of citrate and the dephosphorylation of ACC

Q: During the well-fed state, the adipose tissue adapts to changes in the circulating levels of carbohydrates, fat and amino acids. Which sentence is the most correct statement: (RAT)
A.
TAG degradation by lipoprotein lipase is favored by insulin
B.
Circulating glucose uptake is via insulin independent transporter.
C.
Glucose is phosphorylated by glucokinase.
D.
FA are mostly provided by degradation of dietary TAG from chylomicrons and intestinal VLDL
E.
Lipolysis is inhibited by phosphorylation of HSL
A: TAG degradation by lipoprotein lipase is favored by insulin

Q: Which organ is considered the primary essential recipient and distributor of nutrients? (RAT)
A: liver

Q: Alice has been in a hunger strike for almost two months. During this stressful period which metabolic processes does not occur in her body? (RAT)
A: Glucose is the main source of energy in her muscles

Q: What does not occur in the muscle tissue when adapting to nutritional changes? (RAT)
A: FA and ketone bodies are the main source of energy in early fasting period

Q: During the digestion of a lipidic rich meal, fat is broken-down, and a large amount of fatty acid (FA) are generated. These FA are used for various purposes in different organs. Identify the wrong asseveration related to FA from the following: (RAT)
A.
FA can be converted in ketone bodies by the liver and used as a fuel in extrahepatic tissues
B.
FA contribute to the synthesis of cholesterol and steroid hormones
C.
Excess of FA are mainly stored as TAG in adipose tissue
D.
FA are released by LPL from chylomicron, VLDL and HDL
E.
FA ensure 90% of the energy needed in the cardiac muscle during the fasting period
A: FA are released by LPL from chylomicron, VLDL and HDL